Business ethic reflective essay Essay

It was probably in 2010, I was an agent in an assurance company. My duties was managing and servicing our organization’s existing corporate client portfolio that has been assigned to me. One of our company product called Saving Plan what pay an amount of money monthly or yearly up to 6 years, the annual will received 6% interest and consumer can take their money back after they complete the 6 years payment. As we know, every product might have some weaknesses while it benefits us. It is commonly that company or sales man will try to minimize the weakness of product while they promote it. But what I did wrong was that I did never mention the product weakness to customer that they will only get the best return (interest) after 25 years when they completed payment for 6 years saving plan, what I thought the saving plan as a force to consumer get use to save money and whoever buy the saving plan they will always get their money back at the end if they complete the payment. My conc ern was close cases at that time. In fact, It was kind of ethic problem when I promoted products but did not let customers understand all about it. Once I heard complain from customer I felt so guilty of myself that I had hidden from my customers. I felt shame to face my customer. I felt that was unfair to my customers and I used customer’s belief to gain my own profit. I thought it will not have any lose for my customers even I did not tell the limitation of the product cause after customer complete the saving plan, they could take their money back at anytime, but customers will only get their return of this investment after 25 years when policy mature. As it tend to depend on the economy, the saving plan may not make profit for customers. This lesson has taught me how to be an ethic person. We could put ourselves as consumers that we will always wish to know the truth and we have the right. I will never do this again in my life, trust is very important and to build a trust will always get back our customers. I would like to explain and analysis all to my customer. I wish I can be a ethic person wherever I am and whatever I do.

Drug Legalization

The debate over drug legalization has existed for decades. It is a hot topic for discussion among young and old alike. While many different opinions have been argued over, most of America can agree on one thing–we have a serious drug problem in the United States. Solutions to this problem have been tossed about; we should create harsher laws for drug users, we should legalize the â€Å"less dangerous† drugs in society, we should legalize all drugs and set standards and regulations regarding their use and distribution. The â€Å"war on drugs† was popularized during the Reagan administration and has been political mantra for conservative politicians. The three-strikes law was established as a deterrent for repeat offenders, but has been criticized for it’s lack of effectiveness. Instead of decreasing drug- related crime, the prisons have been filled beyond capacity with these so-called dangerous drug offenders. An obvious racial bias manipulated into the laws has created a steady flow of prosecution against minority users and distributors. Distinctions between such drugs as cocaine and crack (which are basically the same) has shielded many white offenders from prison time, while guaranteeing a lengthy stay for lacks and hispanics. Frustration with the lack of success of this expensive â€Å"war† has caused some to consider legalization of drugs as a better alternative. The degree to which this should occur varies among the population. Some feel that marijuana is no more harmful than alcohol and tobacco and should be regulated and taxed as a legal substance. Others feel that all drugs should be legalized, therefore eliminating the need for street distribution and unsafe practices, like needle sharing. I personally feel that drugs are an extremely harmful influence on society, especially our youth. I also feel, however, that the rush to punish drug users and dealers has caused an irrational response from legislation. Mandatory sentences, regardless of mitigating circumstances or previous history, has created a unequal and racially biased atmosphere for sending drug offenders to prison for unreasonable lengths of time. While I don’t think that legalization of drugs will solve this problem, I do think that a complete overhaul of drug laws is in order. Common sense and basic fairness could eliminate much of the unnecessary over- crowding in the prison system today. The focus should be on rehabilitation not retribution.

Moet and Chandon

Saturday, March 23, 13 The World’s most LOVED Champagne Saturday, March 23, 13 History & Background ?Part-holder of LVMH (66% share in M&C) ? Established in 1743 by Claude Moet – as Moet et Cie (Moet&Co. ) – for wine trading ? Began business in 1750 by supplying the Royal Court at Compiegne ? In 1750 also shipping to Germany, Spain, Eastern EU, and colonial British America ? In 1972, Jean-Remy Moet (grandson) has begin the winery production by buying vineyards; ? While the French Benedictine monk, Dom Perignon, mastered double-fermentation for creating champagne Now owns more than 2,500 acres vineyards ? Produce approx 26M bottles of champagne annually ? Accounts for approx 25% of global champagne market (by volume) Saturday, March 23, 13 LVMH brands Saturday, March 23, 13 Moet at a Glance ?4 Main Products ? Moet Imperial ? Rose Imperial ? Nectar Imperial ? Moet Ice Imperial ? Grand Vintage ?Plus other vintage and special limited-edition champagnes Saturday, Marc h 23, 13 Moet at a Glance ? In-media appearance ? Slogan: Be Fabulous ? Print ads ? of? cial website ? Facebook ? YouTube ? Twitter ? iOS applications Saturday, March 23, 13Moet at a Glance ? Marketing situation ? Perceived to be the most prominent brand in online world (partly due to extensive online advertising and Roger Federer) ? The biggest export market is UK but the consumption volume is slightly declining Saturday, March 23, 13 Strategy ? Glocal strategy – in 2011, began to grow grapes in Northwest China with farm operator Ningxia Nongken Will be China’s ? rst-time-ever made in China Champagne Aim to capture Asia market esp China and India – with joint venture approach Has done this for the U. S. for 30 yrs ald (sells in the U. S. nder brand Roederer Estate, Chandon) Grow business by encouraging younger audience to engage with the brand ? ? ? ? â€Å"In the Night† concept of brand communication (in cinema platform) using movie stars and reference for celebration To achieve â€Å"Champagne of Cinema† image, Moet appears in various hollywood movies and at international ? lm festivals, private dinners, parties and premieres Boost sports alignment via Roger Federer ? ? ? Saturday, March 23, 13 Main Competitors ?Veuve Cliquot et Ruinart (LVMH) ? Remy Cointreau (Piper-Heidsieck) ? BCC (Boizel Chanoine Champagne) ?Pernot-Ricard (Perrier-Jouet et Mumm) Saturday, March 23, 13 Key Persons Bernard Arnault (Bernard Jean Etienne Arnault) LVMH director Saturday, March 23, 13 Key Persons Stephane Baschiera, president and chief executive of Moet & Chandon (since Mar 2012) ? Stephane Baschiera joined Moet Hennessy, the wines and spirits division of LVMH, in 1996 and since then has been Commercial Director of Moet Hennessy Diageo France, Director of Moet Hennessy in Italy, and then Chief Executive Of? cer of the Maison Ruinart. ? Since 2009, he has held the position of Chief Executive Of? er of the Maison Veuve Cliquot Ponsardin, and h as contributed to the excellent performance of the Maison since that time. About Jean-Marc Lacave, former CEO Jean-Marc Lacave will become Chief Executive Of? cer of Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin. Jean-Marc Lacave joined the Watches & Jewelry division of the LVMH group in the United Kingdom in 2001. Since 2007 he has been Chief Executive Of? cer of Watches & Jewelry in Asia. Saturday, March 23, 13 Moet & Chandon Organization chart Saturday, March 23, 13 Hot Issues ? In Dec, 2012, Roger Federer became brand ambassador (in place of Scarlett Johansson, former BA signed in 2009) In Sept, 2013, will serve as the of? cial champagne of the 34th America’s Cup (sailing’s most prestigious international race) ? Signal tht M&C targeting at hi-so sports sectors – with concept Champagne of Victory ? In 2012, was analyzed to be loosing brand value (declined by 13% or ? over $500 million) – brand value at $3. 8 billion (98th rank – fall from 77th at $4. 3billion in 201 1) Might due to the emerging part of the world that do not yet associate champagne with celebration ? Recently opened White 1921, a boutique hotel in St. Tropez ? Recently launched celebrity-hosted tours worldwide Saturday, March 23, 13

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Business Law - Essay Example 56). The second issue arises from Robert`s customer who claimed that Robert had neglected or had carelessly left a pin in the neck of the sheep skin coat that he had bought which resulted into Grant experiencing blood poisoning and thus was admitted in the hospital for a whole week interfering with his work for a month. Accordingly, the third case in this research involves wool traders and SnoDogs clothing. In this case, the two participants had an issue with the prices. For instance, SnoDogs Clothing claimed that wool traders had changed their prices on the delivery invoice about $360 more than the initial price shown at the time of the order. Relevant Legal Principles The case study has demonstrated some examples of legal principles and they encompass an intention to develop legal relations. This is usually so if the contract is a commercial one which will demand the court to take up this purpose. Like in this case, wool traders had the intention of establishing a legal relationshi p with Robert who was a retailer. Another principle involves consideration for the contract or contracts made by each party or the participants. This legal principles emphasizes that each partner should give or promise to offer something in return for the other`s responsibilities. For instance, in the case between the wool traders and its customers including Robert; wool traders made a contract with Robert to make for them sheepskin coats and hats, while Robert was to pay for their services and products offered. In the same way, SnoDogs clothing made an order from the wool traders for ski suits. In addition, consensus is another legal principle, which demonstrates that the participants must have arrived at definite contract (Ingeborg 2012, p. 90). This is frequently illustrated as offer and approval or acceptance. In this case, one party creates a proposal and the other consents it. For example, Wool Traders got an e-mailed order from SnoDogs Clothing for 36 ski suits. SnoDogsâ€⠄¢ terms and conditions (attached to their e-mail) evidently state that â€Å"orders produce a lawful offer to buy at the price itemized by buyer at date of reception.† Wool traders send a message showing the acceptance of the order, and transcribed approval of the same. Both had a fresh duplicate of Wool Traders` terms and settings, therefore, SnoDogs took delivery of the goods. Thus, this is a good illustration that shows the legal principle of consent or consensus. Questions of fact that will need to be decided by a court, on which liability and damages may depend Damages refer to the reimbursement for harm or destruction instigated by the breach. In case breach of agreements results into loss or harm, the bruised or the affected party has, the right to take legal action for harms or damages (Stone 2005, p. 56). In case the breach is serious enough to an extent it goes back to the base of the agreement, the affected party may consider the agreement as efficiently gone or r ejected by the other party and decline to be destined by it or reject to pay. In certain circumstances, the affected person may reject the bond and claim indemnities. Therefore, there are various questions of fact that will need to be decided by a court, on which liability and damages may depend. For instance, will the court consider Robert`s loss and grant him refund despite the fact that he was late to return the goods as stated from the wool trader`s terms and conditi

Assignment prompt Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Prompt - Assignment Example Conflict is an essence of the plot. Conflict in a story builds the climax. The stories, â€Å"Two Kinds† and â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† encompass a struggle, both external as well internal, at the centre of their plots. â€Å"Two Kinds† displays a struggle of a girl and more precisely, a quest for self identity. â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† captivates a struggle in Connie’s life. The external conflict of Connie is with the society and family. Connie’s odd terms with her family and her mother in particular explains the same. But her internal conflict is severe and with the open ending of the story, it does not get resolved. Joyce actually keeps enough space for the readers to think about the conflicts and the respective resolutions in their own terms. In the story â€Å"Two Kinds†, the climax appears when the final quest for all the attempts to become the piano star starts to come true before Jingmei. The onset of the events preceding the predicament forms the climax of the

Graduation for all English Language Learners Assignment

Graduation for all English Language Learners - Assignment Example 1 2 3 4 5 Scale # 3 (Personal Abilities / interest) Question # 6 Do I afford the cost / fee of learning English Language? 1 2 3 4 5 Question # 7 Do I have ability of learning English Language? 1 2 3 4 5 Question # 8 Do I have an interest in learning English Language? 1 2 3 4 5 Scale # 4 (benefits) Question # 9 After learning English Language, would I get good response from the market? 1 2 3 4 5 Question # 10 Would the English Language help / facilitate me to boost my professional career? 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction Peer Reviews; mean the evaluation of a work through diverse ways that ultimately gives confidence to the students / authors to look at their own writing as a work in progress. During the process of peer review, each of the students (peer reviewers) has an equal chance to criticize the work of their fellow student. The initial part of the document identified a construct and defined it using Peer Review articles / books on promoting English Language to all students till graduatio n. The developed construct contains basically four (4) types of questions which need to be answered to build up a trend for promoting English Language learning. ... The first (1st) scale contains two (2) items, whereas, each item has been rated five (5) points Likert scale. The two (2) questions on this scale have been developed to know whether the candidate has been facilitated to take admission in graduation of English Language. The second (2nd) scale contains three (3) questions and the answer of the each question would be rated five (5) points Likert scale. This scale has been developed to identify the efforts made by the English Language learning candidate for knowing the importance of the subject. Moreover, the questions identify the efforts of the instructors for attracting students to learn English Language. The third (3rd) scale contains three (3) items and each of the items would be rated five (5) points Likert scale. This scale identifies the personal interest as well as the capabilities of the English Language learning candidate to know whether the candidate wants to learn English Language. The forth (4th) scale contains four (4) ite ms; each item would be rated five (5) points Likert scale. The questions in the scale facilitate to recognize the future scope of the English Language learners; this scale would be utilized to motivate the candidates to learn English Language (Timberlake, 2009). Method of scaling These assessments use a summative scale to obtain a total assessment score to identify the level of the content. A five (5) step Likert scale has been utilized with the ratings include: ‘Strongly disagree’, ‘Disagree’, ‘Neither Agree or Disagree’, ‘Agree’ and ‘Strongly Agree’. The scoring for the above given ratings which have been utilized in the document include from one (1) to five (5),

International Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Management - Assignment Example The market was one of rising costs, reduced prices, high competition, and low-cost models. The average selling prices were down by a whopping 35% and there was a clamor for cheaper models in emerging economies and developing markets. The basic phones were available for $ 50, with low end models being available for as low as $ 25 and even $ 10. Multinational set up operations and set new standards for wages, training and technology transfer. An environment of meritocracy was being created and which hard work, ethical behavior and a desire to learn were the watchwords. The fall of the iron curtain in Europe and the transition of State Societies, opened up new markets for Western Europe. Eastern Europe was expected to move towards 100% penetration levels in 2011, from the current 85%. The manufacturing process was being off shored to low cost countries, lately Eastern Europe. Labor costs much lower in Central European Countries than in other Western European Nations. Additionally, they also offered huge advantages in terms of high productivity and simple taxes. However, of late, wage costs were on the rise and labor force was beginning to shrink with people migrating to richer European nations like Britain and Germany. There are three levels of strategy – Corporate Strategy, Business Strategy and Functional Strategy. The corporate strategy deals with the vision and mission of an organization. The Mission of Nokia is â€Å"Connecting people†. Its strategic intention is to â€Å"Build great mobile products†. The word â€Å"Nokia† is named after the Nokia river in Southern Finland. Beginning as early as in 1865 and with a rich history of a century and half of innovation, Nokia transformed itself from a riverside paper mill in Southern Finland to a global telecommunications leader. A conglomerate of paper, rubber, cable and electrical companies, it was only in 1996 that Nokia turned its focus on the telecommunications business. This was an important strategic shift and by 1998, Nokia was the world leader in mobile industry. Its new strategy drive includes changes in leadership and manufacturing specialized products. Its recent strategic direction has taken multi-faceted dimensions : Broad strategic partnership with Microsoft Renew group to capture volumes and value growth Forward investments in next generation technologies Focus on specialized products. The business strategy talks about the strategies related to a specific business of an organization. More specifically, they deal with its products, markets and competitive advantages. Nokia had always prided itself on innovation, differentiation and in building great products through continuous investments in research and development. It does not shy away from investments as well as divestments and focuses on shareholder value by concentrating on core competencies. It always had the larger picture in mind and its decisions were based on global operations and internatio nal strategy and not country-focused. Adapting itself beautifully to global trends, Nokia increased its market presence in China, India, Germany, Indonesia and Russia. It slowly extricated itself form markets like Brazil, Spain and Italy. In 2008, Nokia was the

The book FREEDOM by Johnatan Franzen. Journalist critics of the book Assignment

The book FREEDOM by Johnatan Franzen. Journalist critics of the book - Assignment Example d arranges marriages of contemporary time, it can be said that as an author he has developed his skills and deviated his way of writing technically and topically. This owing to the reason that he is able to captivate in comic and tragic hue at the same plane the provocations and the pressures the concept of liberty brings forth, the thrilling days of teenage immersed in sexual interests culminating almost into lust, the most provoking social issue of American society pertaining to mid-life crisis, collapsing of the wages in the suburb areas and the pang of staying under the reign of a heavy weight empire all come under one umbrella within the plot of the novel â€Å"Freedom†. Like most of the common topics of American literature, American dream does not find a very potent place within the plot of the novel, but the tinge of the issue can be traced within a microcosm of middle class American society. A deep delineation to the plot of the novel and close introspection to the motif launches the readers into a plethora of thought process where it is very clear that the novel captures a span of time frame as its background with some deliberate intentions. The time frame against which the plot of the novel, â€Å"Freedom† is set initiates during the last decades of the twentieth century and ends at the beginning of Obama administration. The novel captivates a wide time frame; therefore the socio-political and socio-economic ups and downs are tracked in the novel from a very close counter. The contour of American society is very evident through the book as it displays a volley of characters almost in a Dickensian way, â€Å"In the earliest years, when you could still drive a Volvo 240 without feeling self-conscious, the collective task in Ramsey Hills was to relearn certain life skills that your own parents had fled to the suburbs specifically to unlearn† (Franzen 4). The language is lucid and the syntax is clear. As regards to the anatomy of the book, then there are small

Bilingual Versus Dual Curriculum Instruction Essay

Bilingual Versus Dual Curriculum Instruction - Essay Example The essay "Bilingual Versus Dual Curriculum Instruction" talks about the history of bilingualism in education which can be categorized into four major stages: permissive, restrictive, opportunist and dismissive. Prior to the arrival of the European immigrants, United States was home to a variety of native languages, and after the advent of foreign immigrants into the country, the number of languages spoken within its territory increased to approximately two hundred. Throughout the nineteenth century till the beginning of the First World War, the existence of such diverse languages was commonly assimilated throughout the country. Language diversity was acknowledged as the custom and promoted via religion, print media such as publishing of newspapers in diverse languages, as well as using education as a tool to promote language use. Evidence of such permissive period in the history of bilingual education in the country can be found in the various schools which exist throughout the United States. During the early nineteenth century, the government endeavored to suppress certain indigenous communities such as the Indians, by laying out regressive policies which sought to restrict them to their reservations. Furthermore, several institutions, such as the American Protective Association, were established which strongly encouraged an English-only system of education. The Immigration Restriction Leagues was established during the same period, which aimed at eluding the immigrants from entering the U.S.

Community Solutions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Community Solutions - Research Paper Example According to European standards, the categories of people who have been considered as poor have been â€Å"1. the long term unemployed and the young unemployed, 2. the elderly, 3, single parent families, 4. second generation migrants, 5. refugees and returning minors, 6. marginal groups- e.g. gypsies, travellers, homeless, 7. underpriveleged urban districts, 8. impoverished rural areas† (Cullen, 5). The American definition for 2011 is that â€Å"for a family of four including two adults and two children, total yearly income has to be below $22,350, to be called poor as is given in the US Department of Health and Human Services website. While addressing the issues that the poor people face, as members of the subculture of poverty, one major concern has always been the physical eradication of poverty and its negative manifestations which lives of the poor people miserable. Community development is universally accepted as the most effective method to address poverty and its prob lems. The community development program of 1980s in Ireland was a landmark in the history of the fight against poverty (Cullen, 11). Cullen, in his study on nine poverty elimination projects implemented in Ireland, has revisited the methods and strategies followed by various organizations and agencies who participated in these projects and has concluded that â€Å"community development is a process that deliberately activates, encourages and supports groups of people to participate in collective action in pursuit of common interests, and which contributes to social justice and equity† (Cullen, 11). During the John-Nixon era, in the US, â€Å"community action programs† were abundant and quite popular (Joseph, 49). Though they set the stage for the emergence of a welfare state, they were also criticized as capable of only peripherally addressing the issues of poverty (Patterson, 146). Notwithstanding these opposing viewpoints regarding community solutions to the subcultu re of poverty, the global intellectual discourses have always seen community solutions as the most viable way out (Cullen, Joseph, FAO and Gaiha). The best available community solution to the subculture of poverty will be to set up community level revolving funds partially sponsored by the government and partially by the industrial houses of the country. To raise the funds, the government will have to introduce a special tax of 0.1% of the profit, on the corporate companies, which have a profit margin above a fixed ceiling. These funds along with a government contribution will then be transferred to the local authorities to be utilized for ensuring a minimum of 200 days’ work for all those able-bodied persons who have been listed as poor. The form of work has to be fixed at local level, by the local administration in consultation with the community leaders, and according to the local resources available and prevailing local conditions and necessities. For example, if in a pla ce having water scarcity, the work has to be provided in water conservation activities, which can contribute to the local economy in a productive way. And the newly generated water could be given back into the community at a reasonable cost. Similarly, in an area where the major vocation is agriculture, work can be provided in community-level agro-processing industries. This solution will have to involve â€Å"massive commitments of Federal funds†

The Rise of Civil Regulations as a Method for Advancing Global Essay

The Rise of Civil Regulations as a Method for Advancing Global Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example This paper serves to showcase how the increasingly in-demand adherence to civil rights can be used to advance the global corporate social responsibility. Civil regulation only tries to encourage corporations to exercise suitable practices that will ensure a threat-free environment. The government has always tried to intervene in the daily running of organizations in order to preserve the civil rights for workers in organizations. Non-governmental organizations also come in to offer help within the framework of the program. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Different NGOs use different tactics to try to persuade large multinational corporations (MCNs) into complying with their policies regarding civil rights. Some will try talking out an organization to agree on certain terms of operation e.g. employment criteria, while other NGOs will identify their weakness of an organization and exploit it (Dewey and Tufts 23). Recently, NGOs have increased their interest in business, implying that globalization is taking a major turn of events with large organizations from different parts coming together e.g. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch were formed to fight civil rights violations like freedom of expression abuse, unfair sentences and other injustices. In the past few years, NGOs such as Amnesty International have made there intentions clear by stressing the relationship between human rights and globalization. These NGOs are advocating against child labor and the treatment of workers and cases involving women and girls trafficking, most recently, involving energy countries such as Nigeria, Burma, India and Sudan. Another reason for major NGOs’ increased involvement with multinational corporations (MNCs) is the need to get support from them and be associated with the MNCs managerial personnel. NGOs are always in the hunt for sponsorship, but this scenario changes with some organizations, as their main involvement with MNCs is based on business rea sons with civil rights coming in as a minor reason, which helps diversify the organizations in terms of their products and services. Prior to World War 2, Walter Rathenau, a German, said that the growth of business corporations had a significant effect on the society. According to Morton (44), the interest of an organization might be entirely financial; most of the activities carried out on a daily basis are serving the public interest. According to Dewey and Tufts (23), it is not sufficient to view companies as purely economic machines and companies should be involved in public duty too. Soft Law. Most of the civil rights do not appear in a country’s constitution as a law, but they are often being advocated for, thus, the government can not be liable to all these rights. Therefore, companies have to take the initiative of establishing and implementing the reflexive law. Some companies use environmental contracts to enhance corporate social responsibility (CSR). Laws are made and passed regarding certain practices by the corporations, bound by a given NGO which when broken, there are stipulated penalties to be faced. If a company is bound within a given contract, it can make more progress towards finding reliable solutions rather than depending on the normal laws of the government. In essence, CSR can help the government to meet the needs of the society e.g. the United Kingdom’

The American Civil War Essay Example for Free

The American Civil War Essay The American Civil War has also been called the War Between the States or the War of Rebellion or the War for Southern Independence. It was a clash between the United States of America or the Union and the Confederate States of America or the Confederacy. The Civil War was fought from 1861 to 1865. There were many reasons for the outbreak of this Civil War such as States’ rights and slavery. The principle cause for this War was purely economic. The Southern states had always tried to become independent because of the fact that the people and the state were becoming wealthier due to extensive use of slave labor. These states feared a drastic reduction in their wealth if slavery were to be abolished (Guisepi, 2002). Subsequent to the election of Abraham Lincoln as president of the United States, the South became apprehensive as they felt that slavery would be abolished, accordingly they started the civil war. On the 12th of April, 1861 the Confederate army in Charleston, S. C. , started firing on Fort Sumter, which was held by the Union forces. This marked the commencement of hostilities between the North and the South. The prima facie objective of the South was to gain independence and that of the North was to preserve the integrity of the Union. In the year 1862, Abraham Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation and this constituted a major cause for the war. If the North emerged victorious then slavery would be abolished and if the South had won the war then slavery would have been protected in all the Confederate states (Guisepi, 2002). Economic disparities had been on the increase during the early nineteenth century. More than fifty seven per cent of cotton exports from the US had originated in the South and this was mainly due to the employment of slave labor. However, the North had acquired its wealth by establishing industries and as such the inhabitants of the North were opposed to slave labor. In order to cope with the demand for labor, the North encouraged immigration. Therefore, there were a large number of European immigrants who worked as laborers in industries and in the construction of railways in the North. The South was a laggard as far as industrialization was concerned and this forced them to import manufactured goods from the North. The southern states opposed the overwhelming taxes and tariffs on imported goods, which was the main source of revenue for the Federal government. The Federal government was unwilling to reduce the taxes since it had to support various welfare measures and provide infrastructure like roads. This led to a further disagreement between the North and the South (Gallagher, 2005 ). Initially, in the republic there were sectional differences between the regions, which were overlooked, owing to the fact that the vast distances rendered communication difficult if not impossible. The Northerners favored a central government in order to enable them to construct railroads, roads, and infrastructure, protect complex trade interests and thereby control the national currency. The Southerners, on the other hand, were not in favor of forming a central government since their dependence on the Federal government was much lesser. They also believed that a central government would prevent them from practicing slavery. The US Constitution prohibits the federal government from interfering with slavery within the states. Opponents of slavery in the Northern states were limited to restricting the use of slaves and the spreading of slavery to other regions. This is borne out by the fact that in 1820, Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state whereas Maine was admitted as a free state to maintain the balance in the Senate (Gallagher, 2005 ). In 1857, the Supreme Court of the United States added fuel to fire of mounting tensions by its judgment in the case of Dred Scott. In that case Scott a Missouri slave sought freedom on the basis that his master had taken him to live in a free state. The Court opined that Negroes were not citizens of the United States and that accordingly Scott could not approach the Court as he had no rights to do so. Moreover, the Supreme Court ruled that the US laws prohibiting slavery were unconstitutional. Subsequently, on the 16th of October 1859, John Brown a convict of the Pottawatomie massacre raided the Harpers Ferry, VA, in order to free the slaves and to encourage them to start a guerrilla war against the whites in the South. This incident shook the Southerners as they felt that it was the beginning of organized Northern efforts to abolish slavery (Guisepi, 2002). With the election of Abraham Lincoln as the President of the Union, the Southerners seriously contemplated secession from the Union and South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union. Other Southern states quickly withdrew from the Union and these secessionists occupied many southern forts. The Artillery of the Confederates opened fire on Fort Sumter and this marked the beginning of the war (Guisepi, 2002). The Civil War had the dubious distinction of resolving the issue of secession permanently as has been borne out by the fact that since 1861, there have been no attempts by the states of the Union to secede. Another major change wrought by the Civil War was the abolition of slavery, subsequent to the Emancipation Proclamation announced by Lincoln. However, the Civil War was unable to make the blacks the equals of the whites and it was also unsuccessful in emotionally reuniting the North and the South, as had been hoped by Abraham Lincoln. References Gallagher, G. (2005 ). American Civil War. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006 [DVD] . Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation. Guisepi, R. (2002). American Civil War. Retrieved June 23, 2007, from http://history-world. org/american_civil_war. htm

Silicon Field Effect Transistor (ncSiFET) in BEOL

Silicon Field Effect Transistor (ncSiFET) in BEOL Tremendous research efforts are ongoing in order to implement and add further functionalities to computing compounds in CMOS chips. Thus, a challenge is imposed to compete the existing devices in terms of cost and performance. In this project, I propose a novel and low cost approach for nanocrystalline Silicon Field Effect Transistor (ncSiFET) based memory selector implemented in BEOL. During this thesis, the potentiality of this technology in terms of performance and production cost will be established. Targeted technological applications : Memory selector transistor One of our research group activities in 3IT consists on the development and integration of RRAM with a Complementary Resistive Switch (CRS) planar configuration in the BEOL of CMOS circuit. My research activity will focuses on memory selector fabrication needed to carry out the read operation as subsequent and complementary function. Several technological approaches have been proposed to fulfill this function with different physical concepts, such as diodes, volatile switches, nonlinear devices and transistors. (cf. figure I.1). Owing to the planar configurtion and the nanodamascence fabrication approach of RRAM, our transistor device (ncSiFET) will benefit from the process compatibility, so that it can be implemented in 3D BEOL integration and connected in serial to minimize parasitic leakage current from unselected cells during a read operation,to provide sufficient on-current for the switching of the selected cell and to prevent frequent interference operation and readout errors. The selector and the memory element should be compatible in term of scalability to enable limited leakage current from the unselected memory elements along read and write operations. The requirements for a RRAM selector present several challenges for appropriate integration in a low-cost CMOS-compatible stackable process. A low processing temperature under 400  °C must be respected to enable the compatibility with 3-D integration in BEOL. The implementation of selector devices requiring additional process steps is accompanied with large device area and power dissipation. Moreover, the selector devices can cause a decrease in the current and a slower read operation. A compatibility in terms of in terms of operation polarity (unipolar/bipolar) and switching speed between memory elements and selector devices must be established [2]. Others aspects concerning the reliability such as cycling endurance and variability should be taken in consideration. Required electrical performances A good selector needs to satisfy multiple requirements which are essentially derived from circuit performance aspect. The previously achieved on/off ratio =104 with our (ncSiFET) [3] can be an asset for memory selector applications since it is on a par with many silicon transistor based selectors [4]. This ratio should be improved up to 106, to further enable the operation of large arrays in the architecture. Moreover, a 2.5 ÃŽÂ ¼A/ÃŽÂ ¼m value as on-current in our device [3], which can be further enhanced, fits well with the range of requirement to sufficiently control the memory operation without speed restriction [5]. While threshold voltage needs to be minimized to enable the reduction of the operation leakage. These properties makes the transistor an effective selector as isolation switch and current limiter. A selector should be able to provide enough drive current as needed for SET and RESET operations of the resistive memory cell. Interestingly, a threshold switching se lector device has proved to be efficient for solving the leakage current problem with a low off current Taking all these considerations in account, one can say that (ncSiFET) device owns promising characteristics and relevant potential to be integrated in BEOL for RRAM memory selection applications. In table I.1, we present further characteristics in as speed, temperature and electrical performances that should be also taken in account during the development of our device.Comparison with technological competitor Silicon transistor based selector : The main advantages for this kind of transistors that enable self-compliance are their high ON/OFF ratio with large drive current, appropriate threshold voltage and low power consumption. However, transistor-based selectors present drawbacks in terms of large dimensions and complicated process fabrication [4]. Poly-Si material has been replaced by high quality epitaxial PN regions on crystalline Si, in order to achieve high Ion/Ioff ratio up to 108 and large on current over 10MA/cm2 beneficial for SET/ RESET operation and rectifiying ability [7], but, these unipolar configurations are not compatible with bipolar switching mode resistive memories. The NPN structure has been proposed to overcome the polarity issue with I on /I off ratio of about 4700 [8]. However, the main limit for these technologies is their high process temperature, thus, unsuitable for sub-400 à ¢- ¦C BEOL integration. Metal-oxide schottky diodes: Different compositions of met al and oxides, such as Pt/HfO 2 /ZrO 2 /TiN or Ni/TiO 2 /Ni have been proposed [6]. The conduction mechanism assumed to be based on Schottky emission at the mateal/oxide interfaces [8]. It was demonstrated that (MIM) incorporating thin oxide film can provide non-linear I-V curve. These configurations are compatible with bipolar switching and suitable with 3D-stackable BEOL integration. However, only low drive current density of about 1MA/cm2 is reached. Nonlinear devices: Considering the requirement to achieve both high current at high voltage as well as very small current corresponding to low voltages, nonlinear devices have been proposed. For all the varieties of this category presented in fig.1, the complexity of fabrication process and the material selection remain difficult challenges for large area production and integration [4]. Thin film transistor (TFT): As an example, RRAM (Ti/Oxide stack/Pt) connected with thin film transistor (transparent amorphous oxide semiconductor (TAOS)) architecture demonstrated good results as current limiter with a storage capability controlled by the amplitude of the TFT gate voltage [2]. The TFT as a technology benefit from the reduced temperature, relatively simple and low cost fabrication process. However, carriers mobility in the channel is the main issue that cause significant impact on the electrical properties of the resulting device. The transistor performances are severely affected by high defects density and carrier trap sites which strongly depend on the crystallinity, the quality of silicon thin film (a-Si, Poly-S or nc-Si). This is a common problematic to our ncSi chann el. (ncSiFET): Our proposed transistor technology is based on nanodamascene approach, with a nanocrystalline silicon island as a channel separated from metal S/D by a thin tunnel oxide. A proof of feasibility with promising electrical performance is already demonstrated [3]. The overall process will be performed at low temperature ( The aim of this project is to perform a cost-effective selector device compatible with our resources at 3IT. In this framework, strain effects are quite important for electronic transport in the channel, in other word, switch frequency and the reliability over time. Thus, this important aspect should be taken in account in order to establish the transistor characteristics and to fulfill the requirement for the realization and the application as a memory selector device. One of our project targets is to establish a strain method compatible with high-k/metal top gate configuration. Strained channel should be carefully designed through process conditions and device geometry. Channel residual strain effects Residual strain could be either mechanical/intrinsic during the film growth and upon technological process or thermal due the differences in expansion coefficient between materials or the auto-heating during the device operation. a) On transport properties in conductor channel For crystalline silicon channel, the strain in the channel of nanotransistor leads to the stretching of atoms bonding in silicon layer. The displacement of silicon atoms can reduces the impact of atomic forces that interfere with the electrons movement and weaken scattering phenomena allowing lower resistance and better mobility (cf. fig II.1). Charge carriers can move faster in the strained channel resulting in better conductivity and low power consumption. In fact, stress induces a change and degeneracy in the energy bands level of the silicon atoms, causing an anisotropy in effective mass of electrons. Then, light mass and minimal scattering are the main factors for better mob ility (ÃŽÂ ¼= eà Ã¢â‚¬Å¾/m*) [1]. Due to this anisotropy, the effect of strain depends on its direction with respect to the source-drain current path [2]. On the other hand, the deposition process of nSi-thin film leads to residual strain in the layer (tensile or compressive). For example, it was reported that the conductance of the amorphous material a-Si: H channel in TFT transistor increases with tensile stress while it decrease with compressive one [3].In our nc-SiFET device, channel consists on isolated nc-Si 50nm-length and less than 20nm-thick island deposited and patterned using a combination of e-beam lithography and ICP-etching process. This channel embedded in nanopattern undergo a thermal annealing and Ti metal deposition before (CMP) polishing process leading to confined island from both side of the metal nanowires. Dielectric gate layers (Si 3 N 4 ) or high-k insulator (HfO 2 , Al 2 O 3 ) can be incorporated on the top of the structure in our process followed by g ate deposition. In our project, metals materials can be deposited using evaporation or sputtering techniques, whereas, dielectric layers can be fabricated by PECVD, LPCVD, sputtering or ALD. It is worthy to note that the induced residual strain of each region strongly depend on the choice of the deposition technique, process parameters, layer thickness as well as thermal post treatment. All these process specifications strongly affect the transport properties of the channel. Hence, a careful analysis of the channel mobility based on Hall effect measurements as a function of different process specification should be addressed (figure II.2). A design of experiments would be performed jointly with the process fabrication.In this framework, several local strain techniques have been employed that can resemble our project. It was reported that shallow trench isolation technique -or box isolation technique- consisting on a sequence of trenches patterning to be filled by a deposited materia ls and removal of excess parts using CMP, creates isolation and can exert compressive stress on the channel [5]. Also, SiN capping layers on top of the gate with intrinsic stress can induce strain into MOS channels and enlarge the distance between atoms underneath the gate which enhance the electron mobility [6]. Based on these reported results, we can assume that our sequence of fabrication processes can induce further stress on the nanocrystallline silicon island channel. In order to precisely identify the effects of strain on our (ncSiFET) channel transport, we should take in account the contribution of all the steps that can take part of the channel residual strain in our process i.e nanoscale island embedded in the trench, thermal annealing, chemical mechanical polishing and the effect of capping layer stack. On conduction mechanism between the electrical contacts and active region The strain in the active layer of the channel can induce variations in terms of band gap, electrons effective mass, affinity and the density of states. It is proved that strain can cause a local band gap shrinking and a change in bands form along the channel [7]. Based on Kane model for band to band tunneling, the current is a function of band gap and effective mass change [8]. Hence, we can assume that the induced strain in our island channel can promote the conduction mechanism by direct tunneling through the potential barrier lowering. For our structure, inducing strain in (ncSi) channel can alter the potential barrier, state density and charge population between the thin tunnel oxide / ncSi interface as well as the gate dielectric/ncSi interface in our (ncSiFET) device. The reduction of a-Si island resistivity can enhance the contact resistance between the island and Ti source and drain terminals. I.2 Deposition methods : comparison In our case, the channel is a nanodimensional island deposited in a trench. For such nano-topography, uniform thickness on non-planar surfaces with step conformal coverage, space filling and damage-free process are required. In general, the evolution of stresses in thin films is a dynamic competition between tensile and compression effects during deposition. The strain in the film depends on different criteria such as grains size, micovoids, disorder. species mobility and deposition rate. Stress varies significantly with process conditions. At 3IT, several deposition techniques are available either chemical of physical based processes. We discuss the implications of each techniques on the nanodimensional (nc-Si) island strain as well as distribution and filling aspect. LPCVD: based on heat activation at high temperature (>500 ° C). Low gas pressure reduce gas-phase reaction which lead to low deposition rate and cause particle clusters. LPCVD Si thin film are isotropic and compact, but with poor step coverage [9]. Such high temperature and low deposition rate lead to the relaxation of the ordered film and thus, the annihilation of strain effect. Thermal or e-beam evaporation: requires heating or electron bombardement of source material to reach evaporation and transform into the gaseous phase (low energy atoms ~ 0.1 eV) and then condensed and adsorbed on the substrate surface. The deposited film is characterised by poor uniformity and density with stoichiometrical problem due to the diffference in vapor pressure [9]. This process is better dedicated to thin film rather thick one, and chracterised by small strain effect at the initial stage of the growth [10]. Sputtering: employs the bombardment of a solid target by energetic particles gas ions (1 10 eV). Despite the good uniformity and stochiometry, this process gives rise to dense film with poor directionality [9]. In sputtered films, the ion bombardment of the surface at the initial stage of the film growth may lead to high strain aspect consisting on quite large compressive stresses where a tendency of film edges expansion is contracted back by the substrate [11]. PECVD: species decomposition can be carried out at lower temperatures (around 300  ° C) with high deposition rates and energetic species with high sticking coefficient. This process provides good film quality with conformal aspect and good step coverage [9]. The resulting film at such low temperature and high deposition rate is prevented from relaxation and remains in strain, unlike high temperature process. Moreover, similar to sputtering technique ion bombardement may lead to further strain. The lack of surface diffusion may induce a high voids concentration which induce further strain in the film [10]. The interaction of atoms in the channel amorphous silicon film creates tensile strain, whereas the insertion of atoms causes compressive stresses [12]. Taking all the mentionned specifications, we may confirm the potential of PECVD technique to fabricate for nanodimensional ncSi channel island in nanotrench with interesting strain characteristics. In order to fulfill the cost and performance requirements of (ncSiFET) transistor for memory selector application (vs state of the art), process development and device improvement are demanded. In this project, we pay special attention to physical dimensions and materials properties that determine the characteristics of our devices. Improvements of (ncSiFET) transistor Ces reponses sont a relier avec l opti;isation deja evoque a la question2 Before citing the general strategy for device improvements, we present in figure III.1 the proposed structure accompagned with an overview about the electrical characteristics of (ncSiFET) transistor. *Channel: enlarge the grains size (>80nm), minimize defects density inside the grain => optimization of a-Si deposition + RTA annealing + post-deposition H 2 plasma /Ge incorporation -form narrow channel of about ~100 nm in the range grain size, making sure to avoid the effects of the short channels => EBL patterning of 100nm-box size *Tunnel oxide: longer exposure duration up to 2 h to ambient air + annealing => more compact film with less defects and better stoichiometry *Gate dielectric: -minimize EOT and increase of Cox => implementation of high-K(~20) ALD HfO 2 -reduce defects at high-K ox/ncSi formation for plasma induced layer instead of native SiO x => N 2 pretreatment before ALD + anneal for adhesion and interface species desorption *Top gate: -minimize source/ top Al gate Loverlap =>EBL3 design +alignment *Metal S/D: less tunnel oxide consumption due to metal contact=> replacing Ti with TiN S/D sputtering + annealing for better contact resistance and ohmic contact * Minimize parasitic capacitances (Cgs, Cgd, Cp) (MIM) to enhance switching frequency (f c ) Semi-quantitative aspects *Ion: (better channel mobility, less Dit , optimized strain, lower barrier/contact resistance, better tunnel) Based on coulomb diamond measurements and comsol simulation, replacing the lateral/back gates previously adopted with 86nm SiO 2 as gate dielectric by a top gate with thinner gate dielectric 6[2]. *Ioff: We need to maintain I off range or slightly improve it with minimizing Ntrap or adopt slightly longer channel (>100nm) *S.S: (Small EOT~5nm , higher Cox , reduced gate overlap , better interfaces) An increase of gate stack capacitance Cg allows better gate modulation at low Vgs, high carriers density in the channel, leading to high performance and low power consumption. The gate dielectric capacitance is described as follow whereas the equivalent oxide thickness for high-K dielectric is expressed as. As an estimation an expression for subthreshold swing parameter is given as: Replacing the 86nm SiO 2 (K=3.9) by a 20nm HfO 2 (K~20) as gate dielectric, leads to a EOT=4.87 and an increase of C ox by a factor (~x18). Thus, S.S can reach 250mV/dec. Comparaison a-Si PECVD vs. a-Si LPCVD At 3IT, chemical deposition techniques, mainly LPCVD and PECVD are employed for silicon thin layer growth. It is important for our project to distinguish the relevant film properties, as well as, the implication on device performance for each technique. Electrical Properties In general, amorphous silicon thin films deposited by PECVD at low temperature (200-300 °C) are disordered with a defect density in the range of 1018 cm-3 and hopping based conduction mechanism. The resulting film are usually under stress due to high deposition rate and ion bombardment. Whereas, LPCVD films deposited at relatively high temperature (~600 °C) are more ordered with a lower defect density of about 1015 cm-3 and activation conduction mechanism [4]. Due to high temperature and low deposition rate a relaxation occurs in the film leading to low strain effect. Low field mobility of about 0.1-1cm2 V-1 S-1 in such amorphous material is mainly attributed to punctual defects such dangling bonds and dislocations. Different other allotropic varieties are of interest for our channel mainly polycrystalline and nanocrystalline silicon can be obtained depending on process parameters. On one hand, poly-Si consists on a network of crystalline grains randomly oriented and se parated by grains boundaries which are regions with high defects and dangling bonds concentrations. On the other hand, nc-Si film are formed by crystalline grains of nanoscale size (~ 50 nm-diameter) incorporated in an amorphous matrix with a grain crystalline fraction of up to 60% [5]. These changes in crystalline phase and microstructure imply a significant enhancement in field mobility from 50 up to 300cm2 variation of film microstructure along depth can be manifested, where the interface (nucleation phase) is formed a dominant amorphous phase or very small grains, but, as the growth evolves and the film becomes thicker, the size of the grains increases [6]. This difference in structure between the interface and the bulk of the film may have implications on electrical conduction, since carriers moving through amorphous phases, result in low mobility, whereas, the transport through the large grain give rise to high mobility (figure III.1) For our ncSi channel thin film( Impact on device performances In similar case to our ncSi channel, it was demonstrated, that the main origins of mobility degradation in poly-Si channel are Coulomb scattering due to defects inside the grain (D it ) -point defects or dislocations- or defects at the grain boundaries (Ntrap), as well as the surface roughness at the ncSi / gate oxide interface (Nit). On the one hand, defects inside the grains as the dominant limiting factor on electrons mobility control the on-current (Ion) value. On the other hand, defects at the grain boundaries (Ntrap) generate a Trap-Assisted Tunneling (TAT) mechanism in the (ncSi) channel, which degrades the off-current (Ioff) and the value of (S.S). Moreover, the traps at the interface (Nit) reduce the control of the grid which strongly affects (S.S) and (Ion) [7].

Platos Apology And Charges Against Socrates Religion Essay

Platos Apology And Charges Against Socrates Religion Essay In the Socrates Apology, the Socrates is charged against the following: First thing that Socrates is charged against by the jury is his refusal to believe in gods whom the state believes in. Second charge is being responsible for teaching people to disbelieve the gods. Socrates is thirdly charged for corrupting the young by infusing in them the spirit of criticism. Final charge which Socrates is accused of is that he does wrong by speculating about the heavens and things beneath the earth as if he is a scientist and by making weaker reasons to be stronger thus acting like sophist. He studies things in the heavens and below the earths Socrates is an accused of being an evildoer person who is curious and walking in the air searching things that are under the earth and those in the skies thus he is identified by the jury as being a natural philosopher and according to the society of the time now termed as archaic or originary societies people are able to make sense of both the world around them and even of themselves through telling of stories that relate to gods and therefore making such gods to be fashions who are responsible fro ruling the world. Therefore by Socrates undertaking curios studies of things in the heavens that may refer to gods that people worship and things on the ground probably the people themselves makes him an evildoer because what he does is in opposition to the traditional belief of the people of the land where gods were believed to be divine and no body was supposed to investigate and question on them in any way (Brickhouse Nicholas, 2004). He makes the worse argument into the stronger (better) argument In this charge Socrates is accused using his oratory skill to persuade people in there society and make them adopt and believe in his point of view despite the fact that he knows little or nothing of what they are talking about. He is very ignorant of the subject he teaches people and that makes him to be considered a sophist an individual who go from city to city training people especially the youth in order to gain political powers thus becoming un trusted by many people of the society. Therefore Socrates is liable to be charged of being a sophist an act distasted by the members of the society. Socrates claims that the oracle at Delphi is responsible for his behavior as he thinks he is the wisest man based on the fact that he recognizes that he knows little of worldly things and given the fact he knows that he knows nothing make shim the wisest a claim which most of the people knows is wrong. In his defense Socrates say that he does no consider himself an orator in any way and unless it meant speaking the truth and honestly about what he knows. He defense himself from using his oratory skill to argue out weak arguments thus making then better and hence making the youth in the city to belief in his ideas and belief which are not based in any knowledge. He is guilty of corrupting the young In addition to the above charges Socrates is also charged with corrupting the minds of the young members of the society who are easily convinced to believing in appealing things and issues. This charge is based on the idea that Socrates cunningly uses his oratory skills to persuade the young into believing in his ideas which were based on his ignorance rather than on knowledge. Socrates is accused of going around in the society telling youth why they should not belief in gods which the society belief in and regards as divine and by teaching them that sun was a hot rock instead of Apollo thus he is to be helped responsible for corrupting the minds of the young in the society. This accusation is based on his sophistic beliefs that make shim to emphasize on rhetoric and reason, become skeptical on issues regarding knowledge and morals and finally that he takes payments fro his teachings which serve to corruption the youth in the society (Reeve, 1989). In defending himself against the charge that he has corrupted the young Socrates claims that he has never been a teacher in a sense that he can impart knowledge to others therefore he can not be held responsible for citizens who becomes corrupted. He goes further to challenge the jury that if he really made any one adopt bad behaviors why is it that none of them had come out to be a witness, or equally the same why there was none of the relatives of the corrupted youth to testify against him? Socrates concluded his defense by saying that since no one has come out to accuse him of the change that the jury is accusing him he can attest to the fact that many of the relatives of the youth in the city associates with him and in fact they where in the courtroom to support him. To complement his defense against corrupting the youth Socrates claims that he is a Gadfly that constantly agitates the horse preventing it from becoming sluggish and from sleeping thus considering himself as blessin g to these youth rather than a corruptor (Hackforth,1933). He does not believe in the gods of the city Final charge which Socrates is accused of is by not believing in the gods that the city considered divine and worshiped. The people in the city derives their political powers from gods who in turn regard themselves as divine as they consider themselves empowered by these gods as they can trace themselves and their ancestry to their gods. Thus people in the society dont care what one believe in but its a mandatory requirement that everyone in the society gives due honor to the gods of the city which they lived in failure to which is considered treason as it undercuts the authority and legitimacy of the ruling regime. Therefore by Socrates having being initially accused of natural philosopher, he is also accused of refusing to believe in gods of the city thus legitimizing the acclaimed rulers of the city and all those who ruled in the past. By Socrates curiously investigating on gods and regarding the sun as a hot rock instead of regarding it as Apollo makes him an offender in the soci ety who is liable to be judged by the jury for refusing to acknowledge the city gods and the divine emperor (Brickhouse, 1989). During his defense against the charge of not believing in the gods that the city believed in he claims that people have misunderstood his true activity and relates to the Delphic oracle where he was told that he was the wisest of all men despite having known himself as an ignorant person. But after testing the Delphic oracle to find a wiser person among the politicians,poets and craftsmen he never got one making the wisest as he was aware of his ignorance unlike other who though they wise but were not and that is why he never belied in the gods that the less wise leaders believed in. He finally catches his accuser by offering contradictory explanation that he is not a person capable of believing in false gods thus becoming an atheist but also he cant allow himself to belief in divine things that will render him an atheist also. Generally Socrates argues that al the charges he is accused of are all false and that such charges were brought by his enemies who had ulterior motives and most probably such motive have nothing to do with searching for the truth or for the good neither for the Athenians nor the sate therefore the jury should not be treating him as criminal who had corrupted the minds of the youth and an atheist ,he should be accorded respect an honor of a hero who has served nothing more than helping his society (Reginald, 1980). Based on the knowledge obtained from the jurys accusation dreaded against Socrates as well as from the defense the accused has given concerning the charges he faces as well as the rule of law of the state I find Socrates not guilty. My verdict is based on the fact that the jury has heavily and solely relied on the prevailing laws which do not sufficiently find Socrates an obvious violator of the law. Fr instance his changes regarding corruption of the youth in the society does not present sufficient witnesses who can attest to his violations of the law and the he was acting upon his belief which the law does not prohibit any one from believing in what they want to. Based on his defense on refusing to belief in the gods of the city he doesnt break the law has he has the right to belief in what he wishes to therefore the implied effects of spreading his doctrines and ideas lacks a basis of argument as non of his supposed student have caused ant trouble as it regards to the authority and legitimacy of the state leaderships. Finally given that Socrates who could have otherwise fled and saved his life his decisions and actions though out his trying has shown that he is not a person guilt of what he does and therefore does portrays a citizen who expects to be charged justly and family by the states thus implying that he is probably a person of decent character and stable principle which should be respected by the state.

lesson plan for saxophone first lesson :: essays research papers

Saxophone First Lesson Plan:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduce yourself to the student, and learn their name. „P  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, show the student how to put the saxophone together: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attach neck to the saxophone body 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then, attach mouthpiece to neck 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally, attach the neck strap to saxophone 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tell them that it is a good idea to put the reed in their mouth while they put their instruments together, so it will be moist and ready for play by the time the clarinet is assembled. „P  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, you show them the correct posture: 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Get them to sit straight up in their chair 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Get their backs off of the back of the chair. (You can tell them to sit up as straight as they can in the chair. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tell them to put their feet flat on the floor. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally, get them to relax their shoulders. „P  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Second, you should show them how to breathe properly: „P  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do breathing exercises with the student. (Have the student take deep breaths, with the whole torso.) 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Belt Test: If the student ¡Ã‚ ¦s belt of waistline moves when they take a breath, then they are breathing properly. 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Straw Exercise: Give the student a straw. Tape a piece of paper to the bottom of a music stand. The student should blow through the straw onto the piece of paper, thus moving the paper. This exercise allows the student to develop breathing skills. 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Yawn Exercise: Have the student yawn, so they can see what it truly feels like to have a torso full of air. „P  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next, you should do some mouthpiece exercises. Get the student to produce a nice steady sound without squeaking. 12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Work on dynamics with the mouthpiece, get the student to produce a clean loud sound, followed with a clean soft sound. „P  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally, you should explain proper instrument care to the student. 13.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An instrument is not safe unless it is in the hands or in the case. 14.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Make sure that you put your reeds back in the reed holder when you are finished using them, so you are sure to avoid breakage.

Fine Arts Education Issues Essay -- essays papers

Fine Arts Education Issues According to the National Art Education Association’s goals for schools, â€Å"all elementary schools shall require students to complete a sequential program of art instruction that integrates the study of art production, aesthetics, art criticism, and art history,† (Clark, 1987). Elementary schools are having difficulty because they are cutting back on the fine arts programming and many non-specialist classroom teachers are expected to integrate the fine arts into their daily curriculum. Most of these teachers feel inadequate and uncomfortable when teaching these subjects. The children are receiving inadequate lessons in art education. All elementary schools should expand their curriculum to include the fine arts as subjects, and licensed specialists should teach these subjects. More or less, it isn’t the fact that there is a lack of fine arts education; there is a lack of specialists teaching fine arts in elementary schools. One reason for the lack of art specialists in the elementary schools is the fact that the fine arts aren’t considered core curriculum. The fine arts are thought of as expendable and not as important as mathematics, sciences, language, and literacy, when in fact Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligences explains that there are several different ways of learning. â€Å"Gardner has identified eight "accepted" modes of learning: Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Linguistic, Mathematical, Musical, Naturalist, and Spatial. Traditional education emphasizes Linguistic and Mathematical Intelligences,† (Martin, 2000). Certain intelligences are enhanced through participation in the fine arts. This is why fine arts are actually equally as important as other core curriculum. ... .... Miller, M. and Hart, C. (1998). Bridging the gap. Thrust for Educational Leadership, Vol. 28 Issue 1, p22. Missouri Dept. of Elementary and Secondary Education. (1996). Missouri's framework for curriculum development in fine arts, K-12. Jefferson City, Mo: The Dept. National Education Association. (1999). The 1999-2000 Resolutions of the National Education Association. NEA Today, Vol. 18 Issue 1, p51. http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=2214068&db=aph Online Educator Network: Music Center Education Division. [Online]. Available: http://www.musiccenter.org/educators/ Reardon, C. (1995). A Jazzy Introduction to Music. Christian Science Monitor, Vol. 87 Issue 229, p14. Tunks, J. (1997). Integrating community arts programming into the curriculum: A case study in Texas. Arts Education Policy Review, Vol. 98 Issue 3, p21, 6p. Fine Arts Education Issues Essay -- essays papers Fine Arts Education Issues According to the National Art Education Association’s goals for schools, â€Å"all elementary schools shall require students to complete a sequential program of art instruction that integrates the study of art production, aesthetics, art criticism, and art history,† (Clark, 1987). Elementary schools are having difficulty because they are cutting back on the fine arts programming and many non-specialist classroom teachers are expected to integrate the fine arts into their daily curriculum. Most of these teachers feel inadequate and uncomfortable when teaching these subjects. The children are receiving inadequate lessons in art education. All elementary schools should expand their curriculum to include the fine arts as subjects, and licensed specialists should teach these subjects. More or less, it isn’t the fact that there is a lack of fine arts education; there is a lack of specialists teaching fine arts in elementary schools. One reason for the lack of art specialists in the elementary schools is the fact that the fine arts aren’t considered core curriculum. The fine arts are thought of as expendable and not as important as mathematics, sciences, language, and literacy, when in fact Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligences explains that there are several different ways of learning. â€Å"Gardner has identified eight "accepted" modes of learning: Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Linguistic, Mathematical, Musical, Naturalist, and Spatial. Traditional education emphasizes Linguistic and Mathematical Intelligences,† (Martin, 2000). Certain intelligences are enhanced through participation in the fine arts. This is why fine arts are actually equally as important as other core curriculum. ... .... Miller, M. and Hart, C. (1998). Bridging the gap. Thrust for Educational Leadership, Vol. 28 Issue 1, p22. Missouri Dept. of Elementary and Secondary Education. (1996). Missouri's framework for curriculum development in fine arts, K-12. Jefferson City, Mo: The Dept. National Education Association. (1999). The 1999-2000 Resolutions of the National Education Association. NEA Today, Vol. 18 Issue 1, p51. http://search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=2214068&db=aph Online Educator Network: Music Center Education Division. [Online]. Available: http://www.musiccenter.org/educators/ Reardon, C. (1995). A Jazzy Introduction to Music. Christian Science Monitor, Vol. 87 Issue 229, p14. Tunks, J. (1997). Integrating community arts programming into the curriculum: A case study in Texas. Arts Education Policy Review, Vol. 98 Issue 3, p21, 6p.

Acunpuncture: an Overview Essay

What is Acupuncture? How does sticking a bunch of needles into your body make you feel better? Is this stuff for real? These are all questions I’ve asked myself, and have heard from others over the years. Acupuncture is a system of complementary medicine that involves pricking the skin with needles. It’s used to alleviate pain and to treat various physical, mental, and emotional conditions; is one of the key components of Traditional Chinese Medicine; and is among the oldest healing practices in the world. In a 2007 Consensus Development Conference, The National Institute of Health determined that â€Å"According to the traditional Chinese medicine approach, stimulating specific acupuncture points corrects imbalances in the flow of qi through channels known as meridians. † Acupuncture can be dated back thousands of years, and as with any topic that old, there is a plethora of information available, and it sometimes can be hard to decipher. After researching the topic, and because of the context of the assignment, I narrowed my focus down to three specific areas: theory, which covers qi, meridians, and acupuncture points; history, which can be broken down into antiquity, middle history, and the modern era; and lastly the length, diameter, and material of needles. The basis of acupuncture deals with manipulating the flows of qi throughout the body. According to Daoist principles, qi is the active principle forming part of any living thing, and it is the central underlying principle in both Traditional Chinese Medicine and martial arts. The literal translation of â€Å"qi† is breath, air, or gas; however, it is frequently translated as â€Å"life energy†, â€Å"life force†, or â€Å"energy flow. † In A Clinical Introduction to Medical Acupuncture, the authors, Aung & Chen, state, â€Å"Traditional Chinese medicine distinguishes not only one but several different kinds of qi. In a general sense, qi is something that is defined by five â€Å"cardinal functions. † These cardinal functions are what keep the body alive. The first function qi provides is keeping the body, especially the limbs, warm during cold temperatures. The energy from it heats the blood, the extremities, and allows us to live and our biological processes to take place. Qi also enables the actuation of the biological processes such as breathing, sweating, it controls the nervous system, and most importantly the circulation of all the body fluids such as blood in its vessels. Qi also provides containment of those fluids in their proper spot; it keeps blood, sweat, urine, and semen from leaking or excessive emission. We know now that food broken down by the digestion process, and that various enzymes convert it into blood, nutrients, and that there’s a process for making the air we breathe into oxygen for our lungs. The ancient Chinese believed that qi did the transformation of food, drink, and breath into qi, blood, fluids, and the transformation of all of the latter into each other. The last function provided by qi, is defense against the Six Essences. The Six Essences are allegorical terms sometimes used to describe disharmony patterns in the body and their names are derived from environmental elements that were thought to pattern, or mimic, the symptoms. The first of the Six Essences is Wind, which is characterized by rapid onset of symptoms, wandering location of symptoms, itching, nasal congestion, â€Å"floating† pulse; tremor, paralysis, or convulsion. The second of the Essences is Cold, which manifests itself in cold sensations, aversion to cold, relief of symptoms by warmth, watery/clear excreta, severe pain, abdominal pain, contracture and hypertonicity of muscles, (slimy) white tongue fur, and hidden, string-like, or slow pulse. Fire (or heat) is the third of the Essences. Its symptoms are recognizable by aversion to heat, high fever, thirst, concentrated urine, red face or tongue, yellow tongue fur, and a rapid pulse. The last three Essences are Dampness, Dryness, and Summerheat; the symptoms of which are, respectively, sensation of heaviness, fullness, and symptoms of Spleen dysfunction; dry cough, mouth, throat, lips, skin, stool, and nosebleeds; and either heat or mixed damp-heat symptoms. In order fulfill its functions, qi has to steadily flow from the inside of the body to the â€Å"superficial† body tissues of the skin, muscles, tendons, bones, and joints. It is assisted in its flow by â€Å"channels† referred to as meridians. Traditional Chinese Medicines identifies twelve â€Å"regular† and eight â€Å"extraordinary† meridians. (Aung & Cheng, 19-20) At various points along the meridians, are acupuncture points. The number of points has varied considerably over time. Initially they were considered to number 365 acupuncture points, symbolically aligning with the number of days in the year; however, the modern total, while once considered 670, has been subsequently expanded due to more recent interest in auricular (ear) cupuncture and the treatment of further conditions. These acupuncture points are mainly, but not always, found at specified locations along these meridians and acupuncturists use the points to manipulate the qi and restore harmony and balance to the body. Though most of these points are found along the meridians, there is a second group of points, called extraordinary points, which are found outside the meridians and are credited with special therapeutic properties. Examples of these are the pressure points in the webbing between the thumb and forefinger, just inside the arch of the foot, the temples, and the anterior base of the neck. Lastly, a third category of acupuncture points called â€Å"A-shi† points have no fixed location but represent tender or reflexive points appearing in the course of pain syndromes. The history of acupuncture can be broken down into three distinct eras: that of antiquity, which goes back to its origins; its middle history dating, from the early 11th century through the 1800’s; and the modern era, which picks up in the early 20th century. The precise start date of acupuncture’s use in China and how it evolved from early times are uncertain; however, there are a myriad of theories and explanations as to how it came about. One explanation is that soldiers wounded in battle by arrows were believed to have been cured of chronic afflictions that were otherwise untreated. Another is the sharpened bian shi stones found in China, which evidence suggests the practice may date back to the Neolithic or Stone Age (Acupuncture in Medicine 10: 92–9). There have also been hieroglyphs found dating from the Shang Dynasty, which ran from 1600 through 1100 BCE. It is believed that Korea was the second country acupuncture spread to outside of China, and in 1023, the emperor of China ordered the production of a bronze statuette depicting the meridians and acupuncture points then in use. The practice of acupuncture lost a lot status after Song Dynasty. In the 16th century, Portuguese missionaries were among the first to bring reports of acupuncture to the West, and a Dutch surgeon traveling in Asia described the practice in both Japan and Java; however, in China itself the practice was increasingly associated with the lower-classes and illiterate practitioners (Barnes, 58–9. The middle era of acupuncture came to an end in 1823, when an edict from the Emperor banned the practice and teaching of acupuncture within the Imperial Academy of Medicine, as unfit for practice by gentlemen-scholars. The modern era of acupuncture came in to being around the time of the Chinese civil war, 1927-1949. Early Chinese Communist Party leaders ridiculed T raditional Chinese Medicine, claiming that it worked against the party’s dedication to science as the way of progress. Chairman Mao reversed that position, and rewrote its theory in order to make it fit into the Chinese political doctrine. Acupuncture gained attention in the United States when President Richard Nixon visited China in 1972, and his delegation was shown a patient undergoing major surgery while awake; however, it was later found out patients were chosen because they had naturally high pain tolerance, were indoctrinated into the method, and were on morphine IV’s which were claimed to have been essential nutrients and fluids. The greatest exposure in the West came after a New York Times reporter received acupuncture in Beijing for post-operative pain in 1971 and wrote about it in his newspaper column. From there, the first legal acupuncture center was opened in Washington D. C. in 1972, and in 1973, the IRS declared acupuncture was allowed to be deducted from taxes as a medical expense. The last aspect of acupuncture, and arguably the most essential, is the needle. While there are certain methods that do not involve needles, most of them do. The needles have evolved over the years, originally starting out as bone, or stone; now, however, most of the acupuncture needles are made of stainless steel, with some cultures using copper. Needles vary in length ,between 13 to 130 millimeters (0. 5 in to 5 in. ), with shorter needles used near the face and eyes, and longer needles in more fleshy areas, and range in diameter from 0. 16 mm (0. 006 in) to 0. 46 mm (0. 018 in), with thicker needles used on more robust patients. After this brief overview of acupuncture, I’ve answered a lot of my own questions and concerns with acupuncture The three aspects of acupuncture theory are qi, meridians, and acupuncture points. It long history has unknown origins, and edict from Chinese Emperor banned teaching in academy, but it brought back my Chairman Mao, and made popular in America by a reporter in the 70’s. Needles are mostly made of stainless steel, and they vary in length, and diameter,

African American Women in Hollywood Essay

In early demand some Afri tin can American actresses portrayed fictitious characters as mammies, slaves, seductresses, and maids. These mathematical dramatic playctions suppressed them non allowing them to show their confessedly talents. Although they had to take on these degrading roles, they noneffervescent performed with dignity, elegance, g public flavor and style. They paved the manner for numerous actresses to follow both d experiencecasts and bloodlesss. These women showed the need application that they were practically than slaves, mammies, and maids. These dishy actresses showed the contain intentness that they ar qualified to hold get hold of parts and even range the full-p be on cast if need be.Phenomenal actresses practically(prenominal) as Hattie McDaniels, ivory Bailey, Ethel irrigate, Nina Mae McKinney, and Dorothy Dandridge, to name a a few(prenominal), are ignominious masterminds who paved the way for so to a greater extent than disconsolate actresses straightaway despite the hardships that they were faced with. These women dis contend beauty, intellect and talent, which allowed the stars that followed that they do non piss to just rootle for sterile roles. In early dart there was a great deal propaganda and even straight off, which mountain to these demeaning roles that they had to betray, Professor Carol.Penney of Yale- unexampled Haven writes, depiction is one of the close influential center of communication and a powerful sensitive of propaganda. Race and representation is central to the hit the books of the low film actor, since the major studios reflected and reinforce the racism of their whiles. The depiction of depresseds in Hollywood movies reinforced some an(prenominal) of the prejudices of the white jural age rather than objective reality, limiting ominous actors to stereotypical roles (1). Hattie McDaniels, a trailblazer amongst African-American film, acquired many firs ts for African-American actors.McDaniels was the first African-American to sing on the radio, first to recoer an Oscar for prohibitedgo supporting actress in done for(p) with the Wind. She was excessively the first African-American to star in a sitcom in 1951 that featured an African-American actress in the statute title role ( pax 1). McDaniels appeared in more than tether hundred films during the twenties and thirties. Her life- snip history was reinforced on the ? Mammy image, a role she contend with dignity (Smith 7). She received much flack from the blacks because of the roles she played in film and on radio.Blacks felt that she was degrading the race entirely her reply was to these views were, Hell Id rather play a maid than be one (Encyclopedia of gentlemans gentleman Biography 406). After her acclaim role as Mammy in bypast With the Wind, McDaniels was never paid anything less than $31,000 for a performance. This was much for an African-American as head as a whi te entertainer. nonetheless though she broke that barrier McDaniel was cool glowering oppressed by racism non only on film, but too make film. She was faced with racial legal problems when trying to acquire a berth in Los Angeles.At that time there was a limited black push down and home ownership right. though she win the suite she as yet was subjected to racial abhorrence from her neighbors. McDaniels experience oppressions of many types during her life, but she keep to take the mammy roles but played them with dignity and respect. In spite of her beingness the mammy, McDaniels made sure that her characters had the upper hand. After McDaniels death the mammy roles died with her. cliff Bailey, the Ambassador of Love career took off on Washingtons U street at the age of xv years of age.She started off as a vocalizer and appeared in many nightclubs. In the mid-30s she performed with the Noble Sissles spate in the Village Vanguard and wild blue yonder Angel Club. In the 40s she was the come about singer for Count Basie, hack Calloway and Cootie Williams. She debuted on Broadway in St. Louis dingy she won honors for as Broadways best newcomer. After her debut on Broadway films she performed in Variety Girl, Isnt It Romantic, Carmen Jones, and Porgy and Bess. In 1967 she won a Tony Award for movement the all-black cast of hello Dolly A role that allowed her, she said, ?to sing, dance, say intelligent lyric poem on storey, love and be love and deliver what God gave me? and Im dressed up besides(Black record Virginia Profiles 1). Hello Dolly allowed Bailey to be fair. Former electric chair Ronald Reagan awarded Bailey was with the Medal of Freedom in 1988. She was in kindred manner a special delegate to the linked Nations under Ford, Reagan and Bush. While in her sixties Bailey went back to college and received her degree in theology from Georgetown University (2). Ethel amnionic fluid, Sweet Mama Stringbean, started her career in Va udeville and nightclubs.In the 1921 Waters performed her first debut album The unseasoned York Glide and At the red-hot get up Steady Bump. In the twenties she was coined as a pop singer ( trigger-happy risque Jazz 1). On stage she was in victorious productions of Africana, Blackbird of the 1930, Rhapsody in Black, and Cabin in the Sky (Penney 8). She also starred in Pinky in 1949 this was a message film on racism. Waters did not receive scholarship for her work until she portrayed Berenice Sadie Brown in The Member of The Wedding. The Member of the Wedding was more than simply a movie. It was very alpha repects a motion-picture event.Fore close, it marked the first time a black actress was used to carry a major-studio white production. Secondly, the movie was another(prenominal)(prenominal) comeback for Ethel Waters. Her autobiography, His Eye Is On The sparrow? she told all the lurid details of her life the turbulent events in the autobiography confident(p) patrons that Et hel Waters, who always portrayed long-suffering women, was and so the characters she played? Now patrons rooted for her to make it? to triumph(8). During Waterss career she was nominated for an Oscar best supporting actress in the film Pinky. She also received the spick-and-span York Drama Critics Award for best actress.Ethel Waterss last performance was in the film The Sound and the Fury in 1959. She continued singing and touring with evangelist nightstick Graham until her death in 1977 (Red Hot Jazz 1). Nina May McKinney was the screens first black goddess (Penney 3). She was the first black actor in the film to be recognised as a capability mainstream star (7). McKinney was also the most successful African-American actress in the 1920s and 1930s (S bug outh Carolina African American History Online 1). McKinneys career started as a New York City nightclub dancer and subsequently received a role in Lew Leslies Blackbird Revue.In 1929, pansy Vidor, of MGM Studios, casted McKi nney as madam, a promiscuous both-year-old charr in Hallelujah. In the historied cabaret scene McKinney, as Chick, danced a sensuous dance which has been copied by leash lady Lena Horne in Cabin in the Sky to Lola Falana in The Liberation of L. B. Jones (Penney 7). In Hallelujah, Chick represented the black char as an exotic end up object, one-half woman, half child. She was the black woman out of control of her emotions, split in two by her loyalty and her own vulnerabilities. Implied end-to-end the battle with self was the tragic mulatto field of study?In this stereotypical concept the white half of her represented the spiritual the black half-animalistic (7). Hallelujah was considered the ace of all-black pictures? The film had a blotto plot, but unfortunately the message was? blacks should cling in their place. Though McKinney received much praise for her role as Chick she did not generate leading roles in the American film industry. She was relegated to assuming pra ctise black characters or to partaking in separately produced, low budget all black movies, as was the pattern for most of the majuscule African-American actors and actresses of the era?McKinney acted in a few other films in the 1940s. Her most not subject role was in Pinky. McKinney was also a stage actress and performed at the renowned Apollo Theatre in Harlem. Barred from opportunities and stardom in Hollywood, she soon departed the United States and took her keen talents to Europe? in Greece she was known as the Black Garbo? she also starred with the capital actor Paul Robeson in the film Sanders of the River (South Carolina 2). Later in McKinneys life the great star returned to the States and died in New York City in 1967. Dorothy Dandridge is amongst Hollywoods beauties in the 1940s and 1950s.Though she receives much recognition today as the most beautiful and talented actresses of her time, but at that time she was seen as just another Black actress. Followed in the foot steps of the great Nina Ma McKinney, though they possessed the beauty and the charisma as other female actresses of their time their color was still seen first. Like many actors and actresses of her time Dandridge career went through many highs and lows because of her race. Dandridges career began as a singer with her sister Vivian, they were known as the Wonder Children and later the group became a trio by the name the Dandridge Sisters.She played in many movies in the 1940s such as Yes Indeed, Sing for My Supper, jungle Jig, Easy Street, Cow Cow Boogie, and motif Dolls to name a few. She was not recognized until her performance as Carmen in Carmen Jones. Her co-stars were provoke Belafonte, Pearl Bailey and Diahann Caroll. She was the first Black to be nominated for an Oscar for best actress (African-American Almanac 248). Dandridges role as Carmen lead to more opportunities for African-Americans in films. Dandridge was the first African-American woman to be held in the arms of a white man in the film, Island in the Sun.She was also the first African-American to consider an interracial kiss in The Decks Ran Red (Pioneer Actress 2). Though the film Carmen Jones allowed Dandridge to have a lead role she the character was the stereotypical mulatto woman with a high sex drive and filled with deceit. Penney writes, The irony that overshadowed Dandridges career was that although the image she marketed appeared to be present-day(a) and daring, at heart it was based on an old classic type, the tragic mulatto. In her important films Dorothy Dandridge portrayed doomed, unfilled women. nauseated and vulnerable, they always battled with the duality of their personalities. As such, they answered the demands of their times. Dorothy Dandridges characters brought to a dispirited nuclear age a razor-sharp sense of hopelessness that cut through the bleak humdrum of the day. Eventually- and here lay the final irony- she whitethorn have been forced to live out a screen im age that unmake her (10). Dorothy Dandridge broke many barriers during her career. She opened the doors for black romance in films. She crossed over the racial lines with interracial relationships on and off screen.Later in Dandridges career she found it hard to get work. She filed for bankruptcy and later committed suicide. Dandridge made it realistic for African-American women to be seen as beautiful and not exotic and sexual. In conclusion, many African-Americans actresses were blackballed by the industry. They were not able to acquire the success that they were entitled to because of the era that they were sustainment in. These stars were oppressed because of the color of their skin and not because they did not possess talent.They were limited to roles that did not allow them to be the damsels or have leading roles. And if they were cast as the lead the film stereotyped the Blacks as shiftless, deceitful, or ignorant. These are just a few of the great African-American women in film that made it easier for African-American women to get into the industry. Though today African-American people are still seen shiftless, drug addicts, gang bangers, killers, whores, and criminals, but now they have more admission charge to the industry because now African- Americans are able to write and direct films that depict them in a better light.Film today has changed for the past from mammies. Now African-American women are teachers, doctors, lawyers, business tycoons and what have you. Yet, they are still oppressed because they are only able to produce what the movie studios say that they can produce. Today there are films like Soul Food, Love and Basketball, Rosewood, Bamboozled, and many more that have messages and have African-American women in lead roles and not being in the background. These great stars allowed Black girls to see their own kind on a big screen and feel that they are beautiful too.Work Cited The African-American Almanac, 1997. Detroit Gale Rese arch, 1997. Encyclopedia of world Biography. Vol. 10&16. Detroit Gale Research, 1987. Ethel Waters. Online. 10 marching 2005. obtainable www. http//www. redhot jazz. com/waters. html. Honoring Black History Month. Pax Stars. Online. 10 March 2005. Available www. http//www. pax. tv/bios/one-bio. cfm/hattie-mcdaniel. Nina Mae McKinney. South Carolina African American History Online. Online. 11 March 2005. Available www. http//www.scafam-hist. org/aahc/. Pearl Bailey. Black History Virginia Profiles. Online. 13 March 2005. Availablewww. http//www. gatewayva. com/pages/bhistory/1996/bailey. shtml. Penney, Carol. Black Actors inamerican Cinema. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. Online. 12 March 2000. Available www. http//www. yale. edu/ynhti/cirriculm/units. Pioneer black actress Dorothy Dandridge has a famous cast of contemporaneous admirers. Online. 12 March 2005. Available www. http//ohio. com/bj/fun/tv/0299/002827htm.

Academic Degree and Financial Aid Essay

Thank you in advance for taking the meter to reexamine my letter of appeal for financial help oneself reinstatement. First, let me say, I wholeheartedly apprise your granting me this award in order to sop up my educational dreams a blissful reality. It would be a great honor for me to plow on the path which I started onward I suffered this temporary setback. I mastermind full responsibility for why my grades slipped and because unsatisfactory. in that location is no one else to blame nevertheless myself for non being able to fake my emotional state during a time of terrible crisis to the point where I could contain an acceptable G. P. A.For that I am unfeignedly sorry because I feel that I have let many great deal down, including myself. I put a mickle of effort to pass most of my syndicatees, to date I still failed my English bod due to some negligence on my part as concerns my work which was to meet my grade in the course I did everything possible to do great in the course despite my mistakes but I guess it was not good comme il faut during the semester Fall 2013. I promise not to give birth such mistakes any more(prenominal), and be more responsible. I am asking this commissioning to give me a second misfortune to prove that I am applaudable of this award so I prat continue in my studies this Fall 2014 Semester.I do realize that I drop my studies and I would like another fall out to do better in them. I have compiled a list of step I need to take in order to be successful in school and my studies. 1. I would obtain a tutor for my most difficult classes by becoming familiar with the tutoring center on campus 2. I would manage my time sagely so that I keep symmetricalness my life and studies together. 3. Meet with each of my instructors and piffle with them, about what they believe will make me be a better scholar in their class. 4.Go to the schedule exponent hours of each of my instructors, when facing any difficulties. 5. spill with my advisor who is assisting me with my Academic Degree plan. She advises me on the classes and hours that would be suitable for me. 6. Go to class on time as scheduled to take advantage of what they have to offer. My determination is to earn a degree in business so I can make a difference in the lives of people and young educatees. This is very most-valuable to me because Ive always been interested on being a business gentlewoman in the future during my days as a kid.I can just be able to achieve my finishing if my financial aid is being appealed, because as an individual my family face a portion out of financial difficulties and Im not able to pay my tuition or even get my books. I am a intemperately working student and very determined, and I would like the scene to prove to you that this 2014 Fall Semester would not be a disappointment. I would try hard to be a good component model to my family, friends and other students. My education is of prevailing import ance to me. Thank you for your time Yours Sincerely, commiseration Taku.